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The field of ophthalmology stands on the precipice of a revolutionary transformation, driven by the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), advanced imaging techniques and multi-omics ( figure 1). The rapid advancements in these domains, paired with the growing emphasis on precision medicine, are reshaping not only how we diagnose and treat ocular diseases but also how we conceptualise the future of personalised healthcare in this critical specialty.1 While these innovations offer unprecedented promise, they also present challenges that require careful consideration.2 As the lines between human expertise, machine intelligence and biological data continue to blur, the ethical, clinical and practical implications warrant serious scrutiny.