Vitamin A and D impact on lung function: differential or common effects across the lifespan?

Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient that contributes to lung development and alveologenesis in early life and alveolar repair and regeneration throughout adulthood. Vitamin D modulates lung development,1 pulmonary inflammation and innate immune defences.2 Given their central role in lung physiology and their potential as a point of intervention, several studies have examined the association of vitamin A and D intake and serum levels on lung function, although with conflicting results across ages and underlying mechanisms yet to be explored.