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Oxygen is among the most employed therapies in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Over the past century, therapeutic strategies of oxygen utilisation in preterm infants have fundamentally shifted following advancements demonstrating both the benefits and harms of oxygen therapy. Work published in Archives of Disease in Childhood (ADC) has contributed to the story, from methods of continuous monitoring and oxygen saturation (SpO2) targeting to a greater understanding of the therapeutic window of oxygen exposure in extremely preterm infants.