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Background Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is a well-recognized causative factor in the development of gastric cancer. Nevertheless, only approximately 3% of individuals infected with Hp will ultimately progress to gastric cancer (GC), suggesting that Hp is not the exclusive driving force behind GC occurrence. Recent studies have substantiated that Streptococcus anginosus (SA) is a pathogen capable of independently facilitating GC progression and participating in the Correa cascade. Grounded in the concept of ‘leveraging gastric-derived bacteria to counteract gastric pathogens,’ this study endeavors to screen gastric-derived probiotics that can antagonize SA, thereby preventing SA-related chronic atrophic gastritis.Methods Potential bacterial strains and key components with the capacity to inhibit Streptococcus anginosus were identified through in vitro experiments involving bacterial co-incubation and RT-PCR. A mouse model of chronic atrophic gastritis was established using SA, and interventions with LPF-01 and the enteric-derived Lactobacillus plantarum (ATCC strain) were administered concurrently. Gastric inflammation was evaluated using HE staining, toluidine blue staining, and Western blot analysis.Results In vitro experiments demonstrated that the whole-cell broth, supernatant, and cells of LPF-01 significantly suppressed the growth of Streptococcus anginosus and downregulated the expression of its virulence genes. Co-incubation with gastric epithelial cells revealed that LPF-01 could mitigate the inflammatory response induced by SA. In a two-week mouse model involving high-dose SA gavage, SA induced gastric mucosal rupture and thinning, with some animals displaying mild intestinal metaplasia. Toluidine blue staining corroborated these observations, revealing a marked increase in mast cell infiltration in the SA group. Notably, intervention with LPF-01 preserved the thickness and structure of the gastric mucosa at levels close to normal, comparable to those in the control group, and effectively suppressed mucosal inflammation and mast cell activation. The enteric-derived standard strain did not elicit the same effects.Conclusions The gastric-derived Lactobacillus plantarum LPF-01 and its secreted bioactive substances effectively prevent and treat chronic atrophic gastritis associated with Streptococcus anginosus by inhibiting pathogenic bacterial growth, attenuating inflammatory responses, and suppressing mast cell activation. These findings imply that LPF-01 holds potential application value in the early prevention of gastric cancer.