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Increasing attention is being focused on understanding environmental and occupational toxic exposures in US military service members. Long-standing issues with exposures to Agent Orange, burn pits, and other toxic substances have prompted the recent passage of the United States’ Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics Act to compensate members for issues arising from these exposures. Recognition of the health effects associated with these exposures is an important first step in defining the research, monitoring and policy gaps necessary for measuring and assessing toxic exposures to military members, veterans and their families. To this end, three critical tasks must be addressed: (1) recognising the specialised nature of military toxic exposures, (2) understanding the difficulties in measuring and assessing the exposures and (3) fielding preventive measures.