Document resource
The gut microbiome is essential for human health and disease, acting in a symbiotic relationship with its host. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), this relationship is commonly disrupted, leading to an overgrowth of dysbiotic bacteria and the production of potentially harmful compounds.1 Key drivers of dysbiosis in CKD include slow intestinal transit, impaired protein digestion, low dietary fibre, iron therapy and frequent antibiotic use. Impaired gut barrier function in CKD further enables the systemic translocation of gut-derived uraemic toxins.