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In my PhD thesis, I aimed to study the aetiology, incidence and phenotypes of (osteo)chondral lesions ((O)CLs) of the ankle (intraoperative image in figure 1). There was a particular focus on the management of osteochondral lesions of the ankle that have failed previous surgical therapy. The overarching goal was to lay the groundwork for an evidence-based, personalised approach to prevent and treat the entire continuum of (osteo)chondral lesions of the ankle on the whole spectrum of the cartilage cascade.