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Advocates of Brexit promised that leaving the EU would allow the UK to prosper, freed from the constraints imposed by Brussels, and that ending contributions to the EU budget would free up money for the NHS.12 Institutions including HM Treasury and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, however, projected that the UK economy would be 3-5% smaller after Brexit than if it had remained in the EU.34 The Office for Budget Responsibility believed that the impact of this slowdown on public finances would far outweigh the savings from ending EU contributions.5 They calculated that £15bn less per year would be available for public services. Nearly a decade after the Brexit vote, the NHS’s strained finances and struggling performance remain a key point of debate in the latest autumn budget. Has leaving the EU helped or hurt the UK’s largest public service?