Letter to the editor: LSD1 as an upstream epigenetic regulator of NPM1-PD-L1 axis in hypoxia-driven immune evasion in breast cancer

We read with great interest the recent publication by Yu et al, titled “Hypoxia upregulates the expression of PD-L1 via NPM1 in breast cancer”.1 The authors provide compelling evidence that hypoxic signaling activates the p-AKT pathway through HIF-1α, leading to increased expression of nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1), which subsequently upregulates PD-L1 and promotes immune evasion in breast cancer.