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Objectives To identify the latent profiles of health behaviour abilities among patients with haematological malignancies and to explore the underlying population heterogeneity and influencing factors.Design A cross-sectional study conducted between October and December 2024.Setting Data were collected from three provincial hospitals in China.Participants A total of 486 hospitalised patients were recruited.Outcome measures Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Sense of Coherence Scale-13, the Perceived Social Support Scale and the Self-rated Abilities for Health Practices Scale. Latent profile analysis was performed to identify distinct classifications of health behaviour abilities and multivariate logistic regression was employed to determine the influencing factors.Results The mean score of health behaviour abilities among the participants was 47.96 (SD 23.29). Three profiles were identified, showcasing substantial population heterogeneity: ‘exercise-weak survival profile’ (41%), ‘exercise-deficient developmental profile’ (45%) and ‘balanced-robust profile’ (14%). Multivariable regression revealed that age, education level, social support, financial toxicity and psychological distress were influencing factors determining profile membership.Conclusions Health behaviour abilities in patients with haematological malignancies were at a low level with three distinct latent profiles. Clinical healthcare providers should implement targeted interventions based on the characteristics of patients’ health behaviour abilities to enhance their self-management capabilities.