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Introduction Understanding the influence of environmental and socioeconomic factors, collectively known as the exposome, on severe exacerbation risks in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma is crucial for enhancing patient care.Methods We assessed the impact of the exposome on COPD and asthma severe exacerbations in France between 2018 and 2022, combining data from the French National Hospital Discharge Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information database and open data for multiple environmental exposition. Using a retrospective matched case–control design, 473 990 patients with COPD and 187 332 patients with asthma were matched for sex, birth year and date of first hospitalisation. Conditional logistic regressions were performed to quantify ORs of exacerbations within the studied population.Results In a multivariate model, exposure to extreme cold temperatures and exceeding WHO standards for nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), fine particulate matter and ozone increased the odds of COPD exacerbation. Only exceeding NO2 was related to an increased risk of asthma exacerbation. Patients with COPD or asthma living in urban or artificial areas or near livestock farms were much more likely to have a severe exacerbation, whereas those living near water, wetlands or green spaces were protected from this risk. Higher poverty rates and long-term tobacco smoking were linked to a greater likelihood of COPD exacerbations.Conclusions The study highlights how exposome factors influence bronchial diseases and underscores the benefit of open-access data for advancing research. COPD and asthma exacerbations account for numerous deaths and cost billions and will increase with global warming, identifying modifiable environmental risk factors, improving patient care and helping shape valuable public health policies.